<Articles>The impact of the Pro-Sunnite policy on the "Ulama" : The fortunes of three "Ulama" families in Aleppo from the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries

個人情報保護のため削除部分あり一一世紀末から一二世紀前半のハラブでは、宗派の違いを超えたウラマーの協調関係が見られた。シーア派のハッシャープ家は住民の代表者として政治に大きな影響力を行使し、ハナフィー派法学を奉ずるアブー・ジャラーダ家の法宮達は、多数派であるシーア派の見解に従って司法業務を行なっていた。早くから土着化していた両家は、宗派的利害よりも地縁的な利害を優先させたのである。ところが一方で、一一世紀半ばに到来したアジャミー家や一部の支配者によって、一二世紀初めからスンナ派の勢力拡大が図られ、この動きがハラブに宗派対立をもたらした。一二世紀前半以降、ザソギー・アイユーブ両朝下で進められたスンナ派優遇策はその傾向に一段の拍車をかけ、シーア派対スンナ派の騒乱が激化するとともに、ウラマーの動向においても宗派の持つ意味が重くなっていったのである。Until the mid twelfth century, Aleppo was the center of the Shiites in northern Syria. Indeed, Shiites composed the majority of Aleppo's population. From the late eleventh until the early twelfth century, religious leaders of Aleppo--ulama--cooperated closely even though they were divided among members of both the Shiite and Sunnite sects. The Abu Jaradas, ninth century immigrants to Aleppo, accepted the legal doctrine of the Sunni-Hanafites. There was invested as Aleppo's magistrate in the first half of the eleventh century, and held this post for five generations. They were Sunnites but nevertheless issued judgements in concurrence with Shiite legal practices. Although the Shiite Hassabs also gained a degree of local influence in the early twelfth century, when they defended Aleppo against the armies of the Crusaders and the Isma'ilites, this tenth century immigrant family and the Abu Jarada both cleary preferred defending their local interests to religious sectarianism. By contrast, the Safi'ite 'Ajami, who immigrated to Aleppo in the mid-eleventh century, sought to expand their Sunnite power base after they received the support of some members of the ruling dynasty early in the twelfth century Furthermore, the pro-Sunnite policy enacted by the Zangid and Ayyubid courts in the mid-twelfth century exacerbated the conflict between the Shiites and the Sunnites and led to a frequent number of violent clashes. The 'Ajami took advantage of this political turmoil and strengthened both their secular and religious power. On the other hand, the Abu Jarada lost their post as magistrate, but nevertheless they later were able to become professors in some colleges (madrasas) in the early thirteenth century. Furthermore, the Abu Jarada gained some influence in the Ayyubid court. The Hassab fared far worse than either of these two Sunnite families, and completely lost their power as a result of government oppression. Thus, from the twelfth century onward, under the rule of a pro-Sunnite court, the fate of the ulama hinged upon their particular religious affiliations